• Data Structures & Algorithms

S.No.

Term

Simple Meaning

Example / Analogy

251

Data Structure

Way to organize data

Bookshelf

252

Algorithm

Step-by-step solution

Cooking recipe

253

Linear Data Structure

Data stored in sequence

Train coaches

254

Non-Linear Data Structure

Data in hierarchical form

Family tree

255

Array

Fixed-size data collection

Egg tray

256

Linked List

Nodes linked together

Train with hooks

257

Singly Linked List

One-direction link

One-way road

258

Doubly Linked List

Two-direction links

Two-way road

259

Circular Linked List

Last links to first

Circle chain

260

Stack

Last In First Out (LIFO)

Stack of plates

261

Queue

First In First Out (FIFO)

Queue at counter

262

Circular Queue

Queue in circular form

Circular track

263

Deque (Double Ended Queue)

Insert/delete at both ends

Double-side gate

264

Priority Queue

Priority-based queue

Hospital emergency

265

Tree

Hierarchical structure

Family tree

266

Binary Tree

Max two children

Decision tree

267

Binary Search Tree (BST)

Sorted binary tree

Organized library

268

AVL Tree (Adelson-Velsky & Landis)

Self-balancing BST

Balanced shelf

269

Heap

Special tree structure

Task manager

270

Min Heap

Smallest value at top

Cheapest item

271

Max Heap

Largest value at top

Highest priority

272

Graph

Nodes connected by edges

Road map

273

Vertex

Node in graph

City

274

Edge

Connection between nodes

Road

275

Directed Graph

One-direction edge

One-way street

276

Undirected Graph

Two-way edge

Two-way road

277

Weighted Graph

Edges with cost

Distance map

278

Traversal

Visiting all elements

City tour

279

BFS (Breadth First Search)

Level-wise traversal

Floor-by-floor

280

DFS (Depth First Search)

Deep traversal first

Maze exploration

281

Sorting

Arranging data

Alphabetical order

282

Bubble Sort

Swap adjacent elements

Bubbles rising

283

Selection Sort

Select smallest repeatedly

Picking best fruit

284

Insertion Sort

Insert in proper place

Card sorting

285

Merge Sort

Divide & merge

Teamwork

286

Quick Sort

Pivot-based sorting

Leader selection

287

Searching

Finding an element

Looking for book

288

Linear Search

Sequential search

Checking one by one

289

Binary Search

Search in sorted list

Guessing number

290

Hashing

Fast data access

Dictionary

291

Hash Table

Key-value storage

Locker system

292

Collision

Same hash key conflict

Same locker

293

Chaining

Collision handling via list

Shared bucket

294

Open Addressing

Find next free slot

Next locker

295

Recursion

Function calls itself

Mirror reflection

296

Base Case

Stops recursion

Exit door

297

Divide and Conquer

Break into sub-problems

Split work

298

Greedy Algorithm

Best choice at each step

Taking highest coin

299

Time Complexity

Algorithm execution time

Speed of work

300

Space Complexity

Memory used by algorithm

Storage space
  • Functions & OOP

S.No.

Term

Simple Meaning

Example / Analogy

301

Function

Reusable block of code

Coffee machine

302

Function Call

Using a function

Pressing a button

303

Function Definition

Writing function logic

Machine design

304

Parameters

Inputs to a function

Ingredients

305

Arguments

Actual values passed

Real ingredients

306

Return Value

Output from function

Coffee cup

307

Void Function

Function with no return

Doorbell

308

Recursive Function

Function calling itself

Mirror reflection

309

Built-in Function

Predefined function

Calculator

310

User-Defined Function

Custom-made function

Homemade tool

311

Scope

Variable accessibility

Room boundaries

312

Local Scope

Accessible inside function

Private room

313

Global Scope

Accessible everywhere

 Public area

314

Lambda Function

Short anonymous function

Quick note

315

Higher-Order Function

Takes/returns function

 Manager

316

Class

Blueprint for objects

House plan

317

Object

Instance of a class

Actual house

318

OOP (Object-Oriented Programming)

Programming using objects

Real-world modeling

319

Encapsulation

Data hiding & bundling

Capsule medicine

320

Abstraction

Hiding internal details

TV remote

321

Inheritance

Acquiring properties

Family traits

322

Polymorphism

One name, many forms

Universal remote

323

Method

Function inside class

Car action

324

Constructor

Initializes object

Birth process

325

 Destructor

Cleans object

Recycling

326

Access Modifier

Access control

Security levels

327

Public

Accessible everywhere

Open park

328

Private

Accessible inside class

Locker

329

Protected

Limited access

 Staff area

330

Static Member

Shared among objects

Common notice

331

Instance Variable

Object-specific data

Personal bag

332

Instance Method

Object-specific action

Personal task

333

Abstract Class

Incomplete class

 Design sketch

334

Interface

Method contract

Rulebook

335

Method Overloading

Same name, different params

Same tool, sizes

336

Method Overriding

Child changes parent method

New rule

337

Super Keyword

Access parent class

Calling parents

338

This Keyword

Refers to current object

Self-reference

339

Object Reference

Points to object

Address

340

Memory Allocation

Reserving memory

Booking seat

341

Dynamic Binding

Runtime method call

Live decision

342

Compile-Time Binding

Early method binding

Pre-plan

343

Association

Relationship between classes

Friendship

344

Aggregation

Weak association

Team members

345

Composition

Strong ownership

Human & heart

346

Cohesion

Focused responsibility

Specialized worker

347

Coupling

Dependency level

Rope connection

348

Code Reusability

Reusing code

Refill bottle

349

Design Pattern

Proven solution template

Blueprint

350

SOLID Principles

OOP design guidelines

Building rules
  • Cloud, Security & AI

S.No.

Term

Simple Meaning

Example / Analogy

351

Cloud Computing

Using internet-based computing services

Renting storage

352

SaaS (Software as a Service)

Online software usage

Gmail

353

PaaS (Platform as a Service)

Platform to build apps

Workshop

354

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)

Virtual servers & hardware

Server rental

355

Public Cloud

Shared cloud environment

Public library

356

Private Cloud

Dedicated cloud for one organization

Private office

357

Hybrid Cloud

Combination of public & private

Mixed workspace

358

Multi-Cloud

Multiple cloud providers

Multiple banks

359

Virtual Machine (VM)

Software-based computer

Virtual PC

360

Containerization

Lightweight app packaging

Shipping box

361

Docker

Container management tool

Packing tool

362

Kubernetes

Container orchestration

Traffic controller

363

Serverless Computing

Run code without servers

Food delivery

364

Load Balancer

Distributes workload

Traffic police

365

Edge Computing

Processing near data source

Local shop

366

Cloud Backup

Online data copy

Spare key

367

Disaster Recovery

Restore after failure

Emergency plan

368

Cybersecurity

Protect systems & data

Digital lock

369

Encryption

Converts data to secret form

Locked box

370

Decryption

Converts secret data back

Unlocking box

371

Authentication

Identity verification

ID check

372

Authorization

Access permission control

Access card

373

MFA (Multi-Factor Authentication)

Multiple login steps

OTP + password

374

VPN (Virtual Private Network)

Secure private connection

Secret tunnel

375

Zero-Day Attack

Attack before fix exists

Surprise strike

376

Data Breach

Unauthorized data exposure

Leaked files

377

SIEM (Security Information & Event Management)

Centralized security monitoring

Control room

378

IDS (Intrusion Detection System)

Detects suspicious activity

Alarm system

379

IPS (Intrusion Prevention System)

Blocks detected attacks

Security fence

380

AI (Artificial Intelligence)

Machines that mimic intelligence

Smart robot

381

Machine Learning

AI learning from data

Student learning

382

Deep Learning

Multi-layer learning model

Brain layers

383

Neural Network

AI brain-like structure

Human neurons

384

NLP (Natural Language Processing)

Understands human language

Translator

385

Computer Vision

Understands images/videos

Digital eyes

386

Chatbot

AI-based conversation tool

Virtual assistant

387

Recommendation System

Suggests products/content

Netflix suggestions

388

AI Model

Trained AI decision system

Trained student

389

Big Data

Extremely large datasets

Data ocean

390

Data Mining

Discover patterns in data

Gold mining

391

Blockchain

Distributed digital ledger

Shared notebook

392

Smart Contract

Self-executing digital contract

Vending machine

393

Cloud Security

Protect cloud resources

Cloud guard

394

AI Ethics

Responsible AI usage

Moral rules

395

Explainable AI (XAI)

Understand AI decisions

Clear reasoning

396

Federated Learning

Train AI without sharing data

Group learning

397

Quantum Computing

Computing using quantum mechanics

Ultra-fast brain

398

Trust Model

Defines who can access what

Security policy

399

Auto Scaling

Adjust resources automatically

Auto AC

400

Model Training

Teaching AI using data

Classroom learning
  • Web Technologies

S.No.

Term

Simple Meaning

Example / Analogy

401

Web Technology

Tools to build websites

Construction tools

402

WWW (World Wide Web)

Interlinked web pages

Spider web

403

Website

Collection of web pages

Book

404

Web Page

Single page on website

Page in book

405

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Web address

Home address

406

Domain Name

Website name

Brand name

407

Hosting

Server space for website

House rental

408

Web Server

Stores & delivers web pages

Post office

409

Client

User’s browser

Customer

410

Browser

Software to access web

Chrome

411

HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

Page structure language

Skeleton

412

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

Page styling

Clothes

413

JavaScript

Web interaction language

Brain

414

Responsive Design

Adapts to screen size

Flexible clothes

415

Frontend

User-visible part

Shop display

416

Backend

Server-side logic

Kitchen

417

Full Stack

Frontend + Backend

Restaurant owner

418

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

Web communication rule

Conversation

419

HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)

Secure HTTP

Locked conversation

420

Request

Ask server for data

Ordering food

421

Response

Server reply

Food served

422

REST API (Representational State Transfer)

Data communication method

Waiter

423

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)

Data format

Form

424

XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

Structured data format

Rulebook

425

AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)

Load data without refresh

Live updates

426

Cookie

Small browser data

Memory note

427

Session

Temporary user data

Visit pass

428

Cache

Stored copy for speed

Short-term memory

429

CDN (Content Delivery Network)

Faster content delivery

Nearby store

430

Web Framework

Development toolkit

Toolset

431

Bootstrap

CSS framework

Ready-made design

432

React

UI JavaScript library

LEGO blocks

433

Angular

Frontend framework

Construction system

434

Vue.js

Lightweight JS framework

Simple toolkit

435

Node.js

JavaScript runtime

Engine

436

Express.js

Backend framework

Traffic controller

437

Middleware

Request processor

Security check

438

MVC (Model View Controller)

App architecture pattern

Office roles

439

SPA (Single Page Application)

Loads once, updates dynamically

Mobile app

440

SEO (Search Engine Optimization)

Improve search visibility

Signboard

441

Meta Tags

Page info for search engines

Label

442

Sitemap

Website structure map

Directory

443

Web Security

Protect web apps

Lock

444

CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)

Cross-domain access control

Permission slip

445

Authentication

User identity check

ID card

446

Authorization

Access permission

Entry pass

447

WebSocket

Real-time communication

Live call

448

Progressive Web App (PWA)

App-like website

Hybrid app

449

Web Accessibility

Website usable by all

Wheelchair ramp

450

Web Performance

Website speed & efficiency

Fast service
  • Compiler & Language Processing

S.No.

Term

Simple Meaning

Example / Analogy

451

Compiler

Converts full source code to machine code

Translator book

452

Interpreter

Executes code line by line

Live translator

453

Source Code

Human-written program

Recipe

454

Object Code

Machine-readable output

Compiled file

455

Machine Code

Binary instructions

CPU language

456

High-Level Language

Human-friendly language

English

457

Low-Level Language

Hardware-close language

Signals

458

Lexical Analysis

Breaking code into tokens

Word splitting

459

Token

Smallest meaningful unit

Word

460

Syntax Analysis

Grammar checking

Sentence structure

461

Parsing

Building syntax structure

Diagram making

462

Parse Tree

Code structure tree

Family tree

463

Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)

Simplified parse tree

Clean blueprint

464

Semantic Analysis

Meaning validation

Sense check

465

Symbol Table

Stores variable info

Index book

466

Scope Resolution

Variable visibility rules

Room access

467

Type Checking

Data type validation

Label check

468

Intermediate Code

Platform-independent code

Rough draft

469

Three-Address Code

Simple intermediate format

Step notes

470

Code Optimization

Improve speed/memory

Shortcut route

471

Dead Code

Unused code

Unused road

472

Loop Optimization

Improve loop execution

Faster cycle

473

Register Allocation

Assign CPU registers

Seat allocation

474

Instruction Scheduling

Reorder instructions

Task planner

475

Code Generation

Create final machine code

Printing

476

Linking

Combine multiple files

Book binding

477

Loader

Load program into memory

Program launcher

478

Static Linking

Link at compile time

Permanent glue

479

Dynamic Linking

Link at runtime

Plug-in

480

Runtime System

Execution support system

Engine support

481

Garbage Collection

Auto memory cleanup

Cleaning staff

482

Memory Leak

Unreleased memory

Water leak

483

Just-In-Time Compiler (JIT)

Compile during execution

Live translation

484

Bytecode

Intermediate portable code

Universal format

485

Virtual Machine

Software-based execution

Virtual player

486

Grammar

Language rules

Grammar book

487

Context-Free Grammar (CFG)

Syntax definition rules

Language rules

488

Regular Expression

Pattern matching

Search filter

489

Finite Automaton

State-based model

Traffic lights

490

DFA (Deterministic Finite Automaton)

One path per input

Fixed route

491

NFA (Non-Deterministic Finite Automaton)

Multiple paths allowed

Multiple choices

492

Compiler Error

Compile-time issue

Spelling error

493

Syntax Error

Grammar mistake

Wrong sentence

494

Semantic Error

Meaning mistake

Logical error

495

Runtime Error

Error during execution

Car breakdown

496

Warning

Non-fatal issue

Yellow light

497

Debugger

Tool to find errors

Magnifying glass

498

Language Processor

Converts source to output

Processing machine

499

Cross Compiler

Compile for other platform

Export factory

500

Bootstrapping

Compiler written in same language

Self-builder

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