Turning Learners into Developers
First File Extension
The first widely recognized file extension was .TXT (Text File) — used to store plain, readable text data. Following that, extensions like .EXE (Executable File) and .BAT (Batch File) were created for program execution in DOS and early Windows systems.
- Storage Devices and Memory
|
Abbreviation |
Full Form |
Description |
|---|---|---|
|
BIT |
Binary Digit |
The smallest unit of data in a computer, representing either 0 or 1. |
|
BYTE |
Binary Term |
A group of 8 bits; the basic unit of storage. |
|
KB |
Kilobyte |
Equal to 1,024 bytes, used to measure small file sizes. |
|
MB |
Megabyte |
Equal to 1,024 KB, commonly used for documents, songs, etc. |
|
GB |
Gigabyte |
Equal to 1,024 MB, used for videos, games, and large software. |
|
TB |
Terabyte |
Equal to 1,024 GB, used for high-capacity storage devices. |
|
CD |
Compact Disc |
Optical storage medium used to store music, data, or software. |
|
DVD |
Digital Versatile Disc |
Optical disc used for movies, data backup, and software storage. |
|
BD |
Blu-ray Disc |
High-capacity optical disc for HD video and large data storage. |
|
FDD |
Floppy Disk Drive |
Early magnetic storage device used in older computers. |
|
HDD |
Hard Disk Drive |
Magnetic storage device used for permanent data storage. |
|
SSD |
Solid State Drive |
Fast storage device using flash memory, with no moving parts. |
|
NVMe |
Non-Volatile Memory Express |
High-speed SSD interface for faster data transfer. |
|
RAM |
Random Access Memory |
Temporary memory that stores data while a computer is running. |
|
ROM |
Read Only Memory |
Permanent memory that stores system firmware and boot data. |
|
PROM |
Programmable Read Only Memory |
ROM that can be programmed once by the user. |
|
EPROM |
Erasable Programmable ROM |
ROM that can be erased using UV light and reprogrammed. |
|
EEPROM |
Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM |
ROM that can be erased and rewritten electrically. |
|
SRAM |
Static Random Access Memory |
Fast memory used in CPU caches. |
|
DRAM |
Dynamic Random Access Memory |
Common RAM type used in most computers. |
|
VRAM |
Video Random Access Memory |
Memory used for graphics processing. |
|
NAND |
Not AND |
A type of flash memory logic used in SSDs and USB drives. |
|
NOR |
Not OR |
Another logic gate type used in memory chips. |
|
USB |
Universal Serial Bus |
Common interface for connecting external storage and devices. |
|
SD |
Secure Digital |
Portable flash memory card used in cameras and phones. |
- Core Computer Components
|
Abbreviation |
Full Form |
Description |
|---|---|---|
|
CPU |
Central Processing Unit |
The brain of the computer; processes data and instructions. |
|
GPU |
Graphics Processing Unit |
Handles rendering of graphics, videos, and games. |
|
PSU |
Power Supply Unit |
Converts power from wall outlets into usable form for components. |
|
BIOS |
Basic Input Output System |
Firmware that initializes hardware during boot-up. |
|
CMOS |
Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor |
Chip that stores BIOS settings. |
|
ALU |
Arithmetic Logic Unit |
Performs arithmetic and logical operations inside the CPU. |
|
CU |
Control Unit |
Directs the operation of the processor. |
|
I/O |
Input/Output |
Refers to data input and output processes of a computer. |
- Networking and Internet
|
Abbreviation |
Full Form |
Description |
|---|---|---|
|
IP |
Internet Protocol |
Unique identifier for devices on a network. |
|
LAN |
Local Area Network |
Network within a small area like a home or office. |
|
WAN |
Wide Area Network |
Connects computers across large distances. |
|
Wi-Fi |
Wireless Fidelity |
Wireless networking technology for internet access. |
|
ISP |
Internet Service Provider |
Company that provides internet connectivity. |
|
DNS |
Domain Name System |
Translates domain names into IP addresses. |
|
HTTP |
HyperText Transfer Protocol |
Protocol for transferring web pages. |
|
HTTPS |
HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure |
Secure version of HTTP using encryption. |
|
URL |
Uniform Resource Locator |
Web address used to access websites. |
|
FTP |
File Transfer Protocol |
Used for transferring files over the internet. |
|
TCP |
Transmission Control Protocol |
Ensures reliable communication between devices. |
|
UDP |
User Datagram Protocol |
Faster, connectionless alternative to TCP. |
|
VPN |
Virtual Private Network |
Provides secure, encrypted internet connections. |
- Software and Programming
| Abbreviation | Full Form |
Description |
|---|---|---|
|
OS |
Operating System |
Software that manages computer hardware and software resources. |
|
GUI |
Graphical User Interface |
Interface that allows users to interact using visuals and icons. |
|
CLI |
Command Line Interface |
Text-based interface for entering commands. |
|
API |
Application Programming Interface |
Allows software applications to communicate with each other. |
|
SDK |
Software Development Kit |
Tools and libraries used to build software. |
|
IDE |
Integrated Development Environment |
Platform for coding, debugging, and testing software. |
|
AI |
Artificial Intelligence |
Simulation of human intelligence in machines. |
|
ML |
Machine Learning |
Subset of AI that enables systems to learn from data. |
|
DBMS |
Database Management System |
Software for storing and managing data efficiently. |
|
SQL |
Structured Query Language |
Language used to manage and query databases. |
- Miscellaneous Computer Terms
|
Abbreviation |
Full Form |
Description |
|---|---|---|
|
|
Portable Document Format |
File format for document sharing and printing. |
|
JPEG / JPG |
Joint Photographic Experts Group |
Common image file format. |
|
PNG |
Portable Network Graphics |
Image format that supports transparency. |
|
GIF |
Graphics Interchange Format |
Animated image format. |
|
ZIP |
Zone Improvement Plan / Compressed File |
Format for compressing and packaging files. |
|
BMP |
Bitmap |
Uncompressed image file format. |
|
EXE |
Executable File |
File that runs a program or application. |
|
DOCX |
Document (Microsoft Word) |
Word processing file format. |
|
PPTX |
PowerPoint Presentation |
Microsoft PowerPoint file format. |
|
CSV |
Comma-Separated Values |
File format for storing tabular data. |
